Maître Johanne MELCARE

Avocat au barreau des Deux-Sèvres - Niort

Compétences : Droit routier et de la circulation routière, Droit des enfants, Droit pénal

Barreau : Deux-Sèvres

Adresse : 4 Boulevard Louis Tardy 79000 NIORT

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Publié le 18/04/2025

L'évolution du droit pénal des mineurs en France

Article juridique - Droit pénal

Par Me Johanne MELCARE

L'évolution du droit pénal des mineurs en France

L'EVOLUTION DU DROIT PENAL DES MINEURS EN FRANCE

Le droit pénal des mineurs en France a connu une évolution significative, marquée par une recherche constante d'équilibre entre protection et responsabilisation. Cet article retrace les grandes étapes de cette évolution.

Les fondements historiques

L'ordonnance du 2 février 1945 : Ce texte fondateur a posé les bases d'une justice pénale spécifique aux mineurs, axée sur l'éducation et la protection. Il a introduit des juridictions spécialisées (juge des enfants, tribunal pour enfants) et a privilégié les mesures éducatives sur les sanctions pénales.

Les évolutions récentes

La loi du 9 septembre 2002 : Cette loi a renforcé la prise en compte de la victime et a introduit les mesures de réparation pénale.

La loi du 5 mars 2007 : Elle a instauré les mesures de placement sous surveillance électronique et a renforcé le suivi des mineurs récidivistes.

La loi du 10 août 2011 : Elle a modifié les règles de la garde à vue des mineurs et a introduit l'assistance obligatoire d'un avocat.

Le Code de la justice pénale des mineurs (CJPM) du 30 septembre 2021 : Il a pour objectif d’instaurer une justice plus rapide et efficace. Il instaure un tribunal pénal pour mineurs et une procédure de jugement en deux temps. Le CJPM inscrit le principe de spécialisation de la justice pénale des mineurs et celui de la primauté de l’éducatif.

Les principes directeurs actuels

La primauté de l'éducatif: La justice pénale des mineurs privilégie les mesures éducatives visant à favoriser la réinsertion du mineur.

La spécialisation : Les magistrats et les professionnels intervenant auprès des mineurs sont spécialisés en droit des mineurs et en psychologie de l'adolescent.

La responsabilité : La responsabilité pénale du mineur est prise en compte, en tenant compte de son âge et de sa capacité de discernement.

La prise en compte de la victime : La justice pénale des mineurs reconnaît les droits des victimes et favorise la réparation du préjudice.

Les enjeux actuels

L'adaptation de la justice pénale des mineurs aux nouvelles formes de délinquance (cybercriminalité, radicalisation).
La prévention de la récidive.
L'amélioration de la prise en charge des mineurs victimes.

Le droit pénal des mineurs est en constante évolution, afin de répondre aux défis de la société et de garantir une justice adaptée aux spécificités des mineurs.

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