Maître Céline SAMUEL

Avocat au barreau de Saint-Etienne

Compétences : Droit immobilier, Droit commercial, des affaires et de la concurrence, Baux ruraux et entreprise agricole, Droit du crédit et de la consommation, Droit des garanties, des sûretés et des mesures d'exécution, Droit bancaire et boursier, Droit de la famille, des personnes et de leur patrimoine

Barreau : Saint-Etienne

Adresse : 6 rue Gérentet 42000 SAINT-ÉTIENNE

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Publié le 13/01/2021

Surendettement : pour qui ? Comment ?

Article juridique - Droit du crédit et de la consommation

Par Me Céline SAMUEL

PREMIERE CONDITION : LES QUALITES DU DEBITEUR DEMANDEUR

La procédure de traitement du surendettement est réservée expressément aux personnes physiques domiciliées sur le territoire national.

Les personnes morales comme les sociétés et les commerçants ne peuvent pas solliciter une procédure de surendettement puisque cela est l'objet des procédures collectives prévus par le Code de commerce (sauvegarde, redressement, liquidation judiciaire).

Le débiteur doit être de bonne foi. Faute de définition légale, la notion de bonne foi a été définie par la Jurisprudence. Elle est toujours présumée.

En cas de contestation d'un créancier, le juge appréciera les circonstances dans lesquelles l'endettement est apparu et le comportement du débiteur à cet égard.

DEUXIEME CONDITION : L'ETAT DE SURENDETTEMENT

Le débiteur doit être dans une situation de surendettement. Selon le Code de la consommation, elle est "caractérisée par l'impossibilité manifeste pour le débiteur de bonne foi de faire face à l'ensemble de ses dettes non professionnelles exigibles et à échoir".

Il n'existe aucun chiffre, seuil ou quota de surendettement, l'impossibilité manifeste de faire face à ses dettes constitue une question de fait que le juge apprécie.

Même si la Commission dresse l'état d'endettement du débiteur et vérifie qu'il se trouve dans une situation de surendettement, le débiteur qui sollicite l'ouverture d'une procédure de surendettement devra prouver qu'il se trouve dans une situation de surendettement en cas de contestation de l'un de ses créanciers. Dans tous les cas, seules les dettes non professionnelles sont prises en compte pour caractériser la situation de surendettement.