Maître Thierry WICKERS

Avocat au barreau de Bordeaux

Avocat titulaire d'un certificat de spécialisation en Droit des garanties, des sûretés et des mesures d'exécution et Droit du crédit et de la consommation

Compétences : Droit du crédit et de la consommation, Droit des garanties, des sûretés et des mesures d'exécution, Droit de la sécurité sociale et de la protection sociale, Procédure civile

Barreau : Bordeaux

Adresse : 70 rue Abbé de l'Epée 33000 BORDEAUX

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Publié le 24/06/2018

Endettement et disproportion de la caution

Article juridique - Droit du crédit et de la consommation

Par Me Thierry WICKERS

Endettement et disproportion de la caution

Lorsqu'un cautionnement est manifestement disproportionné, ses effets peuvent être paralysés.

C'est un des arguments les plus fréquement utilisés pour obtenir la libération de la caution.

Il ne faut cependant pas confrondre la disproportion du cautionnement et le taux d'endettement. Souvent les cautions sont tentées d'assimiler la disproportion à un taux d'endettement trop élevé.

Les faits qui ont donné lieu à l'arrêt du 28 février 2018 (Com. 16-24841, publié au Bulletin) illustrent parfaitement la différence.

Le patrimoine de la caution qui contestait ici son engagement s'élevait à 290 000 €. Un emprunteur qui s'endetterait à hauteur de 260 000 € pourrait probablement reprocher à la banque de n'avoir pas été attentive à son taux d'endettement. Cet emprunteur pourrait alors engager la responsabilité de la banque.

Mais la caution n'est pas un emprunteur, et contrôler la disproportion, ce n'est pas calculer un taux d'endettement.

La cour d'appel avait estimé que le cautionnement était manifestement disproportionné, parce que l'engagement était pratiquement équivalent au montant du patrimoine de la caution.

La Cour de cassation rappelle que la disproportion manifeste suppose que la caution se trouve, lorsqu'elle souscrit le cautionnement, dans l'impossibilité manifeste de faire face à un tel engagement avec ses biens et revenus. Pour que la disproportion soit constatée, il faut donc nécessairement que l'engagement soit supérieur ou égal au montant des biens et revenus de la caution.