Maître Maybeline LUCIANI

Avocat au barreau de Toulouse

Compétences : Droit du crédit et de la consommation, Droit du dommage corporel, Procédure civile, Procédure d'appel, Droit de la famille, des personnes et de leur patrimoine

Barreau : Toulouse

Adresse : 19, rue Théodore Ozenne 31000 TOULOUSE

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Publié le 26/06/2025

Dirigeants : Comment contester un engagement de caution personnelle ?

Article juridique - Droit des garanties, des sûretés et des mesures d'exécution

Par Me Maybeline LUCIANI

Dirigeants : Comment contester un engagement de caution personnelle ?

Lorsque vous sollicitez un crédit pour votre société, il est fréquent que la banque exige que vous vous engagiez en tant que caution personnelle.

En cas de difficultés financières ou de liquidation de l’entreprise, la banque pourra alors se retourner directement contre vous, dirigeant, pour obtenir le paiement des sommes dues.

Quels moyens de défense pour le dirigeant caution ?

Un formalisme strict à respecter

Le cautionnement est un acte juridique très encadré, qui doit obligatoirement répondre à des conditions de forme précises (mentions manuscrites obligatoires, informations claires sur la portée de l'engagement, etc.).

Tout manquement à ces exigences peut entraîner la nullité de l’engagement.

La règle de la disproportion

Pour les cautions signées avant le 1er janvier 2022 :

Si votre engagement était manifestement disproportionné par rapport à vos biens et revenus au moment de la signature, vous pouvez demander à être déchargé de votre obligation.

Pour les cautions signées depuis le 1er janvier 2022 :

Même en cas de disproportion, l’acte de caution reste valable, mais l’engagement pourra être réduit à la hauteur de vos capacités financières réelles.

En résumé :

Ne restez pas seul face à une action en paiement engagée par une banque.
Faites vérifier immédiatement la validité de votre acte de cautionnement avant toute négociation ou défense.

Contactez un avocat pour évaluer vos chances de succès et engager les démarches adaptées.