Maître Damien BARRE

Avocat au barreau de Bordeaux

Compétences : Droit des sociétés, Droit commercial, des affaires et de la concurrence, Droit du crédit et de la consommation

Barreau : Bordeaux

Adresse : 353 Boulevard du Président Wilson 33200 BORDEAUX

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Publié le 06/09/2016

Obligation d'information de la caution : comment la banque peut-elle le prouver ?

Article juridique - Droit des garanties, des sûretés et des mesures d'exécution

Par Me Damien BARRE

Obligation d'information de la caution : comment la banque peut-elle le prouver ?

Résumé : La banque doit informer annuellement la caution sur la dette cautionnée. C'est à la banque de prouver qu'elle l'a fait, sinon la dette de la caution est allégée.

Chaque année le créancier professionnel (une banque par exemple) doit faire connaître à la caution personne physique les principales informations sur son engagement.

La sanction est intéressante pour la caution car, à défaut pour le créancier de prouver avoir délivré cette information, la caution va bénéficier d'un allègement de sa dette (déchargée du paiement des pénalités ou intérêts de retard échus depuis la précédente information jusqu'à la date de communication de la nouvelle information).

La cour de cassation rappelle dans un arrêt récent que (Cass Com 9 février 2016 n° 14-22.179) la banque ne peut pas se limiter à produire une copie des courriers qu'elle aurait envoyés, "dès lors que la seule production de la copie d'une lettre ne suffit pas à justifier de son envoi".

Il semble ressortir d'un autre arrêt récent (Cass Com 17 novembre 1995 n° 14-28.359) que les éléments suivants produits par la banque pourraient permettre de justifier l'envoi de la lettre :

la production des "relevés informatiques de l'ensemble des lettres d'information envoyées aux cautions en février ou mars de chaque année et la directive générale de la Caisse enjoignant à ses agences d'envoyer ces informations".

Toutefois l'arrêt cité du 17 novembre n'est pas publié et la chambre commerciale de la Cour laisse une "marge de manœuvre" aux juridictions du fond qui peuvent juger que l'obligation d'information n'a pas été satisfaite en précisant "en quoi les documents produits [...] étaient insuffisants pour établir le respect des exigences légales d'information annuelle de la caution".

*article L 341-6 du code de la consommation : "le montant du principal et des intérêts, commissions, frais et accessoires restant à courir au 31 décembre de l'année précédente au titre de l'obligation garantie, ainsi que le terme de cet engagement. Si l'engagement est à durée indéterminée, il rappelle la faculté de révocation à tout moment et les conditions dans lesquelles celle-ci est exercée."