Maître Théo DELMOTTE

Avocat au barreau de Lyon

Compétences : Droit de l'environnement, Droit public

Barreau : Lyon

Adresse : 5 rue Constantine 69001 LYON

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Publié le 27/01/2025

ICPE : rappel de l’étendue du pouvoir de police du préfet

Article juridique - Droit de l'environnement

Par Me Théo DELMOTTE

ICPE : rappel de l’étendue du pouvoir de police du préfet

Le 20 décembre 2024*, le Conseil d’Etat a, une nouvelle fois**, réaffirmé que les arrêtés ministériels de prescriptions générales ne privent pas le préfet de son pouvoir de police spéciale des installations classées pour la protection de l’environnement (ICPE).

Le préfet peut, en effet, « prendre, à tout moment, des mesures relatives à une installation donnée afin d'assurer la protection des intérêts mentionnés à l'article L. 511-1 » du code de l’environnement***.

Même en l’absence, dans l’arrêté ministériel, de fixation de valeur limite d’émission (VLE) ou de faculté d’adaptation aux circonstances locales, le préfet peut imposer à une installation classée des prescriptions spéciales en ce sens. Il peut ainsi combler les lacunes de l’arrêté ministériel.

Le Conseil d’Etat réaffirme ici que le préfet dispose d’un pouvoir de police spéciale large pour adapter le régime des installations classées aux spécificités de chaque installation. Mais ce pouvoir est tout de même encadré.

Le préfet peut, par exemple toujours prendre des prescriptions plus strictes que l’arrêté ministériel pour assurer la protection de l’environnement et de la santé, et s’inspirer, pour leur rédaction, des dispositions d’arrêtés ministériels encadrant d’autres catégories d’installations.

Pour autant ces prescriptions doivent être nécessaires et justifiées. Et l’exploitant peut ainsi les contester, en démontrant :

qu’elles ne sont pas nécessaires pour assurer la protection de l’environnement et de la santé ;
que d’autres prescriptions permettent d’assurer cette protection ;
qu’il est dans l’impossibilité technique et économique de pouvoir respecter ces prescriptions.

Il est donc crucial pour les exploitants de bien connaitre ces limites du pouvoir préfectoral et de faire valoir leurs arguments lors d’échanges sur les prescriptions spéciales.

A lire et à retrouver sur mon site personnel.

Suivez-moi sur LinkedIn pour plus d'actualités en droit de l'environnement : échangeons et partageons nos points de vue.

Besoin d'aide pour vos projets ? Une question ? Je suis à votre écoute : theo.delmotte@avocat.fr

ENVIRONNEMENT - ICPE - INSTALLATIONS CLASSEES - PREFET - PRESCRIPTIONS

Sources :

* Décision commentée : Conseil d'État, 20 décembre 2024, n° 475355 mentionné aux tables du recueil Lebon ; lien vers la décision : https://www.conseil-etat.fr/fr/arianeweb/CE/decision/2024-12-20/475355

** Voir par exemple Conseil d’Etat, 24 mai 1993, Union des industries chimiques, n°113896

*** Parmi lesquels figurent notamment la santé et l’environnement