Maître Linda FERRARI

Avocat au barreau de Nice

Compétences : Droit de la famille, des personnes et de leur patrimoine, Droit immobilier

Barreau : Nice

Adresse : 52 Bis Bd Victor Hugo 06000 NICE

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Publié le 29/09/2026

Réserve héréditaire : les délais à connaître pour agir en réduction

Article juridique - Droit de la famille, des personnes et de leur patrimoine

Par Me Linda FERRARI

Réserve héréditaire : les délais à connaître pour agir en réduction

En France, un parent ne peut pas déshériter totalement ses enfants. Une part minimale de son patrimoine, la réserve héréditaire, leur est garantie. Lorsque des donations ou un testament ont trop avantagé un tiers ou un autre héritier, l'action en réduction permet de rétablir cette part. Encore faut-il agir dans les temps.

Quelle est la part réservée ?

un enfant : la moitié du patrimoine ;
deux enfants : les deux tiers ;
trois enfants ou plus : les trois quarts.

Le reste constitue la quotité disponible, dont le défunt pouvait disposer librement. En l'absence de descendants, le conjoint survivant bénéficie d'une réserve d'un quart.

Comment savoir s'il y a atteinte à la réserve ?

Le calcul réunit fictivement les biens existants au décès, après déduction des dettes, et les donations consenties de son vivant par le défunt, évaluées selon les règles légales. On compare ensuite la part effectivement reçue par chaque réservataire à celle que la loi lui garantit. Ce calcul, technique, conditionne toute la stratégie.

Des délais stricts

L'action en réduction doit être engagée dans un délai de cinq ans à compter du décès, ou de deux ans à compter du jour où l'héritier a eu connaissance de l'atteinte à sa réserve, sans pouvoir dépasser dix ans après le décès (article 921 du Code civil). Une donation découverte tardivement peut donc encore être contestée, mais le temps joue contre l'héritier lésé.

Une réduction en valeur

En principe, le bénéficiaire de la libéralité excessive conserve le bien mais doit verser une indemnité égale à l'excédent. Cette somme peut être importante, surtout lorsque le bien a pris de la valeur depuis la donation.

Le conseil de l'avocat

Dès que vous soupçonnez des donations importantes (versements, prêts jamais remboursés, vente à un prix dérisoire), faites reconstituer le patrimoine du défunt et calculer la réserve. Le point de départ du délai se discute souvent : mieux vaut ne pas attendre.

Maître Linda Ferrari, avocate au Barreau de Nice, cabinet LAWINGS – 52 bis boulevard Victor Hugo, Nice. Droit des successions et de l'indivision. Site : www.lawings-avocat.fr – Tél. 04 49 39 28 19.