Maître Linda FERRARI

Avocat au barreau de Nice

Compétences : Droit de la famille, des personnes et de leur patrimoine, Droit immobilier

Barreau : Nice

Adresse : 52 Bis Bd Victor Hugo 06000 NICE

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Publié le 29/09/2026

Contester un testament pour insanité d'esprit : conditions et preuves

Article juridique - Droit de la famille, des personnes et de leur patrimoine

Par Me Linda FERRARI

Contester un testament pour insanité d'esprit : conditions et preuves

Un testament rédigé quelques mois avant le décès, alors que le parent souffrait de troubles cognitifs, qui avantage brutalement une personne de l'entourage : la question de sa validité se pose légitimement. Le Code civil pose une règle simple : pour faire une libéralité, il faut être sain d'esprit (article 901).

Ce qu'il faut démontrer

Il appartient à celui qui conteste le testament de prouver que le testateur n'était pas en état d'exprimer une volonté lucide au moment précis de la rédaction. Un diagnostic de maladie neurodégénérative ne suffit pas à lui seul : certaines personnes conservent des moments de lucidité. Mais lorsque l'altération est établie de manière continue sur la période, la charge de la preuve devient plus favorable.

Les éléments de preuve utiles

le dossier médical et les certificats du médecin traitant ou du gériatre ;
une mesure de protection (tutelle, curatelle) ouverte ou demandée à l'époque ;
le contenu du testament lui-même : incohérences, écriture altérée, erreurs sur les proches ;
les témoignages de l'entourage et des soignants.

Le secret médical n'empêche pas, dans ce cadre, l'accès des héritiers à certaines informations, et le juge peut ordonner une expertise sur pièces.

Les autres causes de nullité

Un testament peut aussi être annulé pour vice de forme (un testament olographe doit être entièrement écrit, daté et signé de la main du testateur) ou pour captation, lorsque le bénéficiaire a usé de manœuvres pour isoler la personne et orienter sa volonté.

Dans quel délai ?

L'action en nullité se prescrit en principe par cinq ans. Il est toutefois préférable d'agir rapidement, avant que la succession ne soit liquidée et les biens dispersés.

Le conseil de l'avocat

Rassemblez immédiatement les documents médicaux et les courriers de la période. Un premier examen du dossier permet d'évaluer sérieusement les chances de succès avant d'engager une procédure.

Maître Linda Ferrari, avocate au Barreau de Nice, cabinet LAWINGS – 52 bis boulevard Victor Hugo, Nice. Droit des successions et de l'indivision. Site : www.lawings-avocat.fr – Tél. 04 49 39 28 19.