Maître Veronique ROUMEGOUS

Avocat au barreau de Dax

Compétences : Droit des sociétés, Droit immobilier, Droit de la propriété intellectuelle, Droit international et de l'Union européenne, Droit commercial, des affaires et de la concurrence

Barreau : Dax

Adresse : 2 cours JULIA AUGUSTA 40100 DAX

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Publié le 09/10/2020

Déposer plainte en France ou en Espagne : différences ?

Article juridique - Droit international et de l'Union européenne

Par Me Veronique ROUMEGOUS

Déposer plainte en France ou en Espagne : différences ?

En France, la PLAINTE se dépose en gendarmerie ou est dirigée directement au parquet. Après enquête, le Ministère Public décide ou non de poursuivre, et la personne qui a déposé plainte décide ou non de se porter partie civile lors du procès pénal.

La procédure de CITATION DIRECTE, plus formelle, permet de faire comparaître directement l'auteur présumé des faits devant le Tribunal correctionnel.

Il faut alors identifier l'auteur et les faits doivent être établis avec une certaine évidence (preuves...).

C'est la victime qui la déclenche. Elle est alors directement partie civile. Mais attention : une consignation (une "caution") est demandée pour enclencher cette procédure.

En Espagne il y a deux types de plaintes avec enquête :

- La DENUNCIA (c’est l’équivalent de la plainte en France). Elle sert à porter à la connaissance du Ministère Public les faits délictuels.

- La QUERELLA qui, en plus d’apporter la connaissance des faits au Ministère public, est un vrai acte de VOLONTE de participer au procès pénal. Des diligences d’investigation sont sollicitées au juge et il convient d’identifier l’auteur et la victime. Quand on présente une QUERELLA, on doit obligatoirement se présenter au procès.

La présentation de la QUERELLA est donc beaucoup plus formelle que la denuncia..

Les différences entre QUERELLA espagnole et CITATION DIRECTE française:

- elles n'ont pas le même objectif: la QUERELLA a pour but de vouloir déclencher l'enquête, c’est une "denuncia" formelle et plus explicite alors que la cITATION DIRECTE permet en France d'obtenir un procès plus rapide mais sans enquête

- la querella n'est pas forcément enclenchée par la victime ("QUERELLA POPULAR" par exemple)

- la consignation n'est pas systématique

- une enquête est diligentée

- l'avocat est obligatoire

- elle concerne les crimes comme les délits ou les contraventions (la citation directe est, quant à elle, impossible pour des crimes, ce qui est facilement compréhensif puisqu'il n'y a pas d'enquête).