Maître Ludivine JOUHANNY

Avocat au barreau des Hauts-de-Seine - Nanterre

Compétences : Procédures collectives et entreprises en difficultés, Droit des sociétés, Droit immobilier

Barreau : Hauts-de-Seine

Adresse : 121 rue d'Aguesseau 92100 BOULOGNE BILLANCOURT

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Publié le 13/01/2024

La résidence principale du dirigeant : est-elle vraiement protégée ?

Article juridique - Droit commercial, des affaires et de la concurrence

Par Me Ludivine JOUHANNY

La résidence principale du dirigeant : est-elle vraiement protégée ?

Le dirigeant peut entreprendre sous 2 formes :

Entreprise individuelle (y compris autoentrepreneurs ou micro-entrepreneurs)
Société (EIRL, SARL, SAS, SCI ; etc.)

Attention, seule la résidence principale de l’entrepreneur individuel est protégée des créanciers professionnels (Loi Macron n°2015-990 du 6 août 2015, article L526-1 du Code de commerce).
Elle est protégée qu'elle soit détenue en pleine propriété, en usufruit ou en nue-propriété.
La résidence principale du dirigeant de société n’est pas protégée, y compris si elle est en indivision ou commune aux époux (la part appartenant au dirigeant est saisissable).
L’entrepreneur individuel peut renoncer à cette protection par un acte particulier (Par exemple s’il souhaite garantir un financement bancaire professionnel).
En cas de mixité d’utilisation de la résidence principale (habitation/professionnelle), la partie utilisée pour l’activité professionnelle est en revanche saisissable qu’elle soit en indivision, commune aux époux ou pas.
Le fait de domicilier l’entreprise individuelle dans la résidence principale rend la partie de sa résidence principale utilisée pour son activité professionnelle saisissable par les créanciers professionnels.
Cependant la partie utilisée à titre professionnel part l’entrepreneur individuel peut faire l’objet d’une déclaration d’insaisissabilité.
Une récente jurisprudence (Cass. com., 14 juin 2023, n° 21-24.207) a précisé deux points essentiels :

C’est au jour de l’ouverture de la procédure collective qu’est déterminé le caractère « principal » de la résidence (on ne peut pas changer de résidence postérieurement)
Il appartient au débiteur de démontrer le caractère principal de la résidence (par tous moyens)

Résumé : Il incombe au débiteur, qui se prévaut de l'insaisissabilité des droits qu'il détient sur l'immeuble où est fixée sa résidence principale, de rapporter la preuve qu'à la date du jugement d'ouverture de la procédure, les biens dont la vente est requise par le liquidateur, constituaient sa résidence principale.