Maître Elohane DURAND

Avocat au barreau de Montpellier

Compétences : Droit de l'environnement

Barreau : Montpellier

Adresse : 8 place Saint Côme 34000 MONTPELLIER

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Publié le 30/09/2024

Avis CNPN photovoltaïque et biodiversité

Article juridique - Droit de l'environnement

Par Me Elohane DURAND

Avis CNPN photovoltaïque et biodiversité

Le conseil national de protection de la nature (CNPN) a rendu un avis de 90 pages très détaillé sur les impacts du photovoltaïque sur la biodiversité.

Le CNPN est l'instance d'expertise scientifique et technique, compétente en matière de protection de la biodiversité et plus particulièrement de protection des espèces, des habitats, de la géodiversité et des écosystèmes.

Le Conseil national de la protection de la nature est composé de 60 experts interdisciplinaires et indépendants reconnus pour leurs travaux, leurs connaissances scientifiques ou techniques dans les domaines des sciences de la vie et de la terre ainsi que des sciences humaines et sociales (source : ministère de l'écologie, présentation du CNPN)

Résumé en 3 points :

Il y est notamment affirmé que l'ambition de développement de l'énergie solaire "peut et doit être réalisée sans porter atteinte aux écosystèmes".
Le CNPN indique que malgré l'ambition répétée par tous les acteurs institutionnels d'équiper d'abord les zones artificialisées, l'installation de centrales sur des espaces naturels ou semi-naturels s'amplifie alors que l'incidence de ces aménagements sur la biodiversité peut être élevée.
Le CNPN recommande donc de "mettre un terme à l'implantation de centrales photovoltaïques au sol dans les aires protégées et les espaces semi-naturels, naturels et forestiers".

Par ailleurs, le CNPN fait ressortir deux problèmes importants auxquels sont confrontés les associations en lutte contre des projets imposés et polluants :

"Les développeurs mandatent les bureaux d'étude avec l'objectif d'éviter d'avoir à demander une dérogation espèces protégées", ce qui conduit à "des inventaires d'état initial insuffisants qui engendrent une minimisation des impacts et permettent à de nombreux projets de voir le jour avec des mesures ERC peu ambitieuses" (voir ici pour en savoir plus sur la dérogation espèces protégées)
"L'information concernant les projets d'aménagements est difficile à obtenir" (voir ici pour en savoir plus sur l'accès aux informations environnementales).

Deux solutions sont donc proposées pour pallier à ces deux difficultés :

"Définir des pressions minimales d'inventaire à mener, détaillées en fonction de la surface du projet, des types d'habitats concernés et de la zone géographique, pour chaque groupe taxonomique".
"Faciliter le cheminement au sein des sites internet des préfectures" et que les avis du CNPN et ceux des CSRPN soient systématiquement inclus à l'enquête publique (voir ici et ici pour en savoir plus sur l'enquête publique).