Maître Elohane DURAND

Avocat au barreau de Montpellier

Compétences : Droit de l'environnement

Barreau : Montpellier

Adresse : 8 place Saint Côme 34000 MONTPELLIER

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Publié le 19/02/2025

Qu'est ce que le préjudice écologique ? Analyse de jurisprudences

Article juridique - Droit de l'environnement

Par Me Elohane DURAND

Qu'est ce que le préjudice écologique ? Analyse de jurisprudences

Comme expliqué dans un article précédent, le préjudice écologique est définit dans le Code civil comme "une atteinte non négligeable aux éléments ou aux fonctions des écosystèmes ou aux bénéfices collectifs tirés par l'homme de l'environnement".

Il peut en être demandé réparation devant tous les tribunaux (administratifs, pénaux et civils) ainsi qu'indiqué dans cet article.

Dans quels cas un préjudice écologique a t-il été reconnu par les juridictions ?

travaux en zone humide mais impossibilité de la remise en état du site, la réalisation de travaux étant de nature à dégrader encore plus l'écosystème. Octroi par conséquent d'une indemnité de 2000 euros au titre du préjudice écologique (CA Douai, 31 août 2021, n°2°/01893) ;
défrichement illégal. Condamnation à remise en état de la forêt et à 15 000 euros au titre du préjudice écologique subi avant la remise en état (CA Toulouse, 26 mai 2021, n°21/526) ;
travaux réalisés sur plus de 5ha situées dans une zone Natura 2000 et d'habitat protégé de la tortue d'Hermann. La réparation en nature étant impossible, les prévenus sont condamnés à payer à l'Etat la somme de 184 752, 40 euros (Cass, crim., 26 mars 2024, n°23-81.410) ;
écoulement de lisier dans des ruisseaux ayant entrainé une mortalité totale ou quasi-totale sur un linéaire de 6,4 km. Réparation fixée à la somme de 43 992 euros en application de la méthodologie de calcul du ministère de l'environnement de mai 2017 ;
rejets industriels atmosphériques ayant eu des répercussions sur l'environnement. Condamnation à 10000 euros en réparation du préjudice écologique (TJ Pau, 22 juin 2020, n°101/2020) ;
rejets dans un cours d'eau d'eau de lavage de betterave (TJ Lille, 12 janvier 2023, n°2023-219).

Dans quels cas les juridictions ont considéré qu'il y avait absence de préjudice écologique ?

pollution d'un cours d'eau par déversement d'hydrocarbure. Le juge estime que "le constat de l'existence d'une pollution ne suffit pas à constituer en soit un préjudice écologique réparable par l'octroi de dommages et intérêts. L'appelante ne démontre ni l'impossibilité d'une réparation en nature et surtout, elle ne démontre pas son insuffisance puisqu'il est constant que des opérations de dépollution ont été engagées" (CA Riom, 15 mars 2021, n°21/01610).