Maître François HERMEND

Avocat au barreau d'Amiens

Compétences : Droit commercial, des affaires et de la concurrence, Droit des sociétés, Droit fiscal et droit douanier, Droit de la propriété intellectuelle, Droit immobilier, Droit des associations et des fondations, Droit public, Droit de la famille, des personnes et de leur patrimoine, Droit du dommage corporel

Barreau : Amiens

Adresse : 3 rue des Chaudronniers 80000 AMIENS

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Publié le 30/04/2024

L’obligation de procéder à la vérification préalable des ressources de la caution.

Article juridique - Droit du crédit et de la consommation

Par Me François HERMEND

L’obligation de procéder à la vérification préalable des ressources de la caution.

Une caution peut être libérée, en tout ou partie, de son obligation lorsque le cautionnement souscrit était, au jour de sa conclusion, disproportionné au regard de son patrimoine (article 2300 du Code civil ou ancien article L.332-1 du Code de la consommation).

Une telle possibilité offerte à la caution a pour corollaire l’obligation faite au créancier professionnel d’interroger la caution sur sa situation financière et patrimoniale.

Cass. com. 20 avril 2017, n°15-16.184

Afin de remplir leur obligation, les créanciers invitent régulièrement leurs cautions à remplir une fiche de renseignements.

Cette fiche constitue un remède efficace pour garantir aux créanciers professionnels que le cautionnement souscrit ne pourra pas utilement être contesté par les cautions.

En effet, les éléments indiqués par la caution dans ce document ne pourront pas être contestés par cette dernière sauf si la fiche est grevée d’anomalies apparentes que le créancier professionnel aurait pu identifier (absence de signature de la caution, erreur grossière dans les montants, fiches trop anciennes par rapport au cautionnement souscrit, etc.).

Cass. com. 29 septembre 2021 n° 20-14.660

Pour pouvoir être utilement opposée à la caution, cette fiche doit avoir été rédigée avant la conclusion d’un cautionnement.

La Cour de cassation a récemment pu préciser que la disproportion d’un cautionnement donné à un créancier professionnel ne peut pas être appréciée au regard d’un tel document régularisé par la caution après la souscription du cautionnement contesté.

Cass. com. 13 mars 2024 n° 22-19.900

Cette décision permet ainsi d’imposer aux créanciers professionnels l’obligation de se renseigner avant de procéder à la conclusion de tout cautionnement et est de nature à offrir un solde moyen de défense pour les cautions.